Romanticism Movement Essay Example for Free

Romanticism Movement Essay Romanticism branched out of the age of humanism, and was an intellectual, literary, and mostly artistic movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century and was a revolt against the Neoclassicism which was popular in the previous centuries due to the Age of Enlightenment. The artistic movement rebelled against theoretical tradition. Many artists that participated in this movement drew inspiration from deep, emotional matters which they used as a foundation or starting point for many of their subjects and distinguished artistic styles. In shorter terms, the points that were emphasized in Romanticism were freedom, imagination, and of course emotion. Romanticism is therefore very much related to Realism in certain aspects. A German poet by the name of Friedrich Schlegel was credited for coining the term â€Å"romantic† which was used to describe literature in an â€Å"emotional matter in an imaginative form.† At the beginning of the 19th century, countries were experiencing, and going through many difficulties. Napoleon had ravaged many nations and had soaked their fields with much bloodshed. Europe however, was getting it the worst. The people living in Europe were dealing with crisis after crisis. Many were feeling lost, helpless, and generally miserable. There was absolutely no peace, and no order. It was most definitely a time for mourning and anguish. So at this point the Romanticism movement undoubtedly grew, as more people and artists focused on individualism, as opposed to life in society. Because many were individualists, they would obviously spend much time in the wilderness admiring nature then living in urban areas, thus nature was loved and worshipped by many romanticists. One can only imagine the various types of artwork that was produced because of this particular movement. There were more prominent figures or individuals that particularly stood out in the romantically artistic movement. One of these figures was a German Romantic landscape painter by the name of Caspar David Friedrich. He was born on September 5th 1774, and was known for his symbolic landscapes, and an overwhelming sense of loneliness in his paintings. His landscapes barely or rarely depicted sunlight, and rather they portrayed dense fog, mist or dawn. As he lost more friends and family to death, he would suffer depressive episodes. These episodes noticeably shifted the themes in his artwork, as he began to use graveyards, ruins, vultures and owls in many of his paintings, which symbolized and hinted at a looming, impending death. Friedrich is considered by many to be the â€Å"Edgar-Allen Poe† of art. Another pioneer of the Romantic movement was a influential French artist, painter, and lithographer know as Jean-Louis Andre Theodore Gericault. Initially, Gericault studied Neoclassicism at the Musee du Louvre but eventually found that his capacity to learn, or grow on this subject was lacking, so he left. Many of his paintings feature horses in them because he spent much time in the stables in Versailles studying the action and anatomy of horses. In is paintings he displayed graceful defeat, savagery, heroism, and of course animal magnificence. One of his most notable paintings is titled, â€Å"The Raft of the Medusa.† The painting reflected a French shipwreck which was called â€Å"Meduse,† of which its passengers were left to die by the ship’s captain. These however are just some of the distinguished artists that held a prominent role in the Romanticism movement. Though the American Revolution had taken place, and had their own Romanticism movement, France had been the hot zone when it came to this movement. France had been going through a revolution through out the time the movement was being advertised. As a matter of fact, the revolution seemed to be fueling the movement. This is evident in many pieces of Romantic literature, in which there are signs of effects caused by revolution. It is actually hinted that Romanticism in France was in fact the product of the effects of the revolution. The revolution inspired many Romantic writers, many of which were British, such as Percy Shelley, Lord Byron,William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and many others, as they approved of the revolution and shared the same views regarding it. And though they all praised the revolution, they each had their own unique ideas regarding it, which can be studied or examined through their work. Furthermore, the movement had its own ideas in general about the overall revolution. When the revolt turned the entire nation in a new direction, many people used the freedom they had acquired to implement just laws to live and abide by, and they also had the freedom to think for themselves without having to be influenced by the society. Before the revolution, the work of artists, poets and writers chiefly dwelled on those who were high in social classes and religious leaderships. However that would soon change. Strengthened and encouraged by the revolution many writers and artists that had been holding in the will to express themselves were finally given the chance to under the new laws implemented by the population. Romanticism was a crucial movement during the French Revolution, as it helped many cope with the harsh lives they were living, and strike inspiration into the hearts of fellow Romantic pioneers. This movement also paved the way for Realism and as both discussed the depressive realities of life. â€Å"Some people call me sick and twisted. I feel that I’m neither; I am instead a Romantic.† -Kenzie Western Citations: http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/romanticism http://www.uh.edu/engines/romanticism/introduction.html http://www.artchive.com/artchive/G/gericault.html http://www2.roguecc.edu/art/wpeterson/art206/romantic.html

Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard To Find :: essays research papers

In her short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O'Connor's seems to portray a feeling that society as she saw it was drastically changing for the worse. O'Connor's obvious displeasure with society at the time is most likely a result of her Catholic religion and her very conservative upbringing in the ‘old south.’ She seems to depict her opinion in this particular story by using the character of the grandmother to show what she saw was happening to the times. Evidence of society's "demise" is woven into the story, and presented through an interesting generation gap between the grandmother and her family. The grandmother is representative of devoutness and Christianity which O'Connor apparently believed to be more prevalent in the "glamorous" Old South. Attention to prim detail separated the grandmother from the rest of her family who seemed to be living in a different world than she. As she organized herself in preparation for the trip, her family was described as rather common people living in a frusturated middle class world. O’Connor described the old woman as she settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. The children's mother still had on slacks and still had her head tied up in a green kerchief but the grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace, and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady. The parents pay little attention to the grandmother and when they do, they are often quite rude. The unruly children are representative of the breakdown of respect, and discipline, and are consequently a forecast of future generations. They constantly demean the grandmother and at one point, June Star even complains that her grandmother has to go everywhere they go right to her face. O’Connor seems to be illustrating not only how times are changing, but how the future generations have no respect for thier precedents. The Misfit represents evil. At one point the Misfit likens himself to Christ, in that they both were punished for crimes they did not commit. Christ accepted death for the sins of all people, however. The Misfit is in a constant battle against his fate that he sees

Jasper Jones Language Features Essay

In the Novel Jasper Jones by Craig Silvey, Silvey uses language features such as first person narrative, Allegory and symbolism for the purpose of helping the reader understand Charlie Bucktin’s journey from innocence to experience. Craig Silvey Uses First person narrative in the Novel Jasper Jones, The story is completely told though the eyes of Charlie Bucktin, an unassuming bookworm who is woken up one night when Jasper Jones comes to his window to ask him for help. As the reader we fully experience Charlies journey and because Charlie is depicted as a very bright young man the narrative is very descriptive and bears a whole host of colourful language that depicts, so clearly, each and every step that Charlie takes. Silvey writes Jasper Jones as an allegory to Harper Lee’s To kill a Mockingbird. It is through the intertextuality that provides the source of the action, thematic development(the journey of innocence to experience) and parallels between Charlie Bucktin and Scout’s narration in the respective texts. The repeated refrences that Charie makes to To Kill A Mockingbird also gives insight into Charlie’s character and the reasoning behind his actions. â€Å"I try to reason with him, like Atticus might† The Use of symbols in Jasper Jones is very effective as symbols are used to mark turning points and changes in Charlies life. The first symbol that is quite important is The collection, or library, of books belonging to Charlie’s father, Wes Bucktin. Wes’ library symbolises the beginning of Charlie’s journey to experience. Charlie is only granted access to this library when he refers to Jasper Jones as a â€Å"half caste† but once Charlie enters into this completely new world of literary immersion he begins to gain a lot of knowledge of the world and constantly uses reference to many titles in his narration such as: â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† and â€Å"To kill a Mockingbird†. Another Symbol used by Silvey is the symbol of the hole that Charlie is forced to dig by his mother. Charlie’s mother Ruth, makes Charlie dig a large hole in the backyard after Charlie comes home very late one night and has the whole town believing that he has been k idnapped. Although it isn’t apparent at first, the hole symbolises Charlie’s mothers own transgressions and her attempt to blame Charlie for everything is only her way of trying to make him â€Å"fill it in†. The Author uses the language features of first person narrative, allegory and symbolism for the purpose of helping the reader understand Charlie’s journey from innocence to experience. The use of first person narrative gives us inside access to Charlie’s thoughts and experiences and this allows the reader to be able to see Charlie change as the story continues. The Allegory helps us unserstand Charlie’s journey from innocence to experience by modelling his behaviour and actions against the characters from another classic novel with similar themes and plot and finally the use of symbols helps us to see when and how this journey begins to truly take place, when Charlie finds his mother having an extramarital affair he realises what she has been doing and when she tries to place it back on him he won’t allow it â€Å"you dug this hole, you fill it in† In The novel Jasper Jones By Craig Silvey, The Author uses the language features of first person narra tive, allegory and symbolism for the purpose of helping the reader understand Charlie’s journey from innocence to experience.

Analysis Of News And Social Media Effects On Society And...

I. Title of Paper - Analysis of news and social media effects on society and individuals. II. Introduction – a. Utilizing Sociological and Psychological literature, this paper will conduct a critical analysis of mass media and more specifically social media and the effects/persuasions it has on society and individuals. As this is fairly a debatable topic I will provide arguments focusing on the negative aspects of television and social media as well as some positives. b. My thesis sentence (or hypothesis) is: Utilizing a variety of literature from both Sociology and Psychology, I will provide facts and effects that mass media and more specifically social media has affected society in a negative fashion due to prejudices and misinformation of those behind the broadcast or publication. III. Description and types of mass media Mass media, as stated by dictionary.com is â€Å"the means of communication that reach large number of people in a short time, such as television, newspapers, magazines, and radio† (Mass Media, n.d.). While the term mass media is brief in definition, the term is far more extensive than one could imagine. â€Å"First there was the telegraph and the post offices, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television, and now the internet and the new media including palmtops, cell phones etc† (Maghal, 2013). In addition to the previously stated mass media also included are computers and the internet. Initially mass media was intended for three ideas; provideShow MoreRelatedSocial Analysis1489 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Analysis Assignment Social analysis means taking the time, habit, to question what is happening in the world around us. It means asking questions about society and looking for answers about whats going on and who it affects. Social analysis not only helps us develop a critical awareness of the world, but also to lead us toward social justice. When analyzing these questions it often brings out other links, or connections between different social issues, and this helps us dig beneathRead MoreThe Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough print media, through email, and by phone, the entire process being randomized. The intent is to acquire a random sample that represents the population, both in demographic/socioeconomic terms and in terms of social media use. 2. Variables This experiment is attempting to find an effect on cognitive ability due to social media use. With this is mind, we must operationalize several distinct phenomenon including: the concentration aspect of cognitive ability, working-memory, social media, and socialRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1719 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s world society believes that mass media plays a key role in shaping and communicating our culture. Mass Media is defined as a technological advancement of communication. People receive information about the world through mass media and it helps shape people’s beliefs, values, perception, and behavior. Mass media is a controversial topic among sociologists, many of them have differentiating opinions of how mass media is influencing people daily lives today. Through this research analysis we willRead MoreMass Communication Theory Of George Gerbners Cultivation Theory731 Words   |  3 Pagessystem theory that examines mass communication by studying institutions, message systems, and cultivation analysis (1967; 1970; Gerbner Gross, 1973; Gerbner et al., 1980; Potter, 2014). Theorized during the â€Å"Age of Television† (Shanahan Morgan, 2004), the theory has been applied to newspapers and other media formats, assuming that media institutions â€Å"cultivate facts, norms and values of society† (Gerbner, 1970; Gerbner Gross, 1976). Specifically, frequent television viewers are more likely to beRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media And Communication On The Society1674 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Message Introduction Behavioral sciences play a central role in figuring out the likely effect of mass media and communication in the society. Different theories and approaches are used to figure this out. This study refers to the Uses and Gratifications, and Cultivation theories to consider the effect of the media article below on individuals. The uses and gratification theory argues that consumers of a given media uses this media to satisfy and fulfill specific desires and needs. On theRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Socialization1300 Words   |  6 Pages Anti-social socialization: The effects of Technology on socialization of the youth in the 21st century Robert Elz University of North Georgia Abstract In the 21st century, technology is integrated in examines that to every aspect of our lives. It is prevalent is all sections of our culture, our homes, our schools and our communities. But what kind of effect is it having on those in their formative years? Does the abundance of technology have an effect on the newer generationsRead MoreThe Interconnected Nature of Media, Culture and Society Essay example1672 Words   |  7 Pagesof the media in the everyday lives of people and on the structure of society and the nature of culture is emphasised. This essay focuses on how the media influences culture and society as well as it explores the issues relating to the media and how the media benefits individuals and the world. However this essay also criticizes the media as it has various negative effects on the world. It’s almost impossible these days to have a conversation that doesn’t involve the world of social media. In theRead MoreImpact of Private Channels1572 Words   |  7 PagesCHANNELS ON PAKISTANI CULTURE Introduction: Media has occupied a major place in our daily lives by providing substance from our identities, put up meaning and organizes our survival. Individuals adapt their use of mass media to their own particular needs. Broadly speaking, we can say that people use the media in four ways: enjoyment, companionship, surveillance, and interpretation. Today media service is an anxious system of modern society. Electronic media, mainly television is the most important innovationRead MoreThe Concept Of The Fourth Estate1485 Words   |  6 Pagestranslates the symbolic end of a communicational paradigm based on the principle of socialization and social control (Beaulieu, 2005) . It is true that this paradigm has dominated the public communication system for decades and was regarded as a representation embodying the concept of the Fourth Estate (Kaspi, 2004) . With the growth of cyberspace, the idea of the Fourth Estate is devalued in a media context favoring self-expression (Fichte, 2007) . The que stion of  « me  » has interested philosophersRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impacts On Communication1446 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media, and its Impacts on Communication and Interaction in our Society Introduction The introduction and the spread of the Internet have revolutionized the way individuals communicate and interact with each other. According to Van and Thomas, propagation of this medium of interaction or communication makes it unimaginable to remember that only a few decades back when people had to wait for days, weeks or even months to receive letters from their friends, relatives, or various agencies (3)

Police Brutality And The Black Community - 950 Words

Over the past decade, police brutality has covered major headlines because officers have acted out in ways that have made citizens question their motives. Things such as unjustified shootings, deadly chokings, and rough treatment have all added to the constant problem of police brutality in the black community. Annoyingly, the police officers responsible for the killings and abuse are not held for long before they are discharged to their normal routines. Since many people believe that the issues of police brutality is based on race, officers should be held accountable for their misconduct. Accountability will permit officers to treat all with equality; therefore using the appropriate amount of force on everyone. Often cops are indicted in less than 1% of killings, but the indictment rate for citizens is 90% which is a major problem. If someone does wrong they should suffer the consequence no matter who they are. As a result of misconduct officers tend be mistrusted by their communities. Deaths in the black community often stems from police officers using excessive force such as assaults, beating and shootings. One of the recent incident of police brutality went viral after a caucasian police officer s Mr. Fields body slams an African- American female high school student in South Carolina. The student was seated at her desk on her phone when the officer through her to the ground and across the floor before arresting her. One may argue thatShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And The Black Community1547 Words   |  7 Pages Police brutality has been a major issue since slavery. In slavery people, mainly whites, were able to do anything to black people without having to deal without dealing with the consequences. Families were destroyed, people died, babies were killed, and many unknown factors still to this day that will never be known. When slavery was abolished, it did not end right away. It took several years and still is not abolished if you look at in a political way. People of power, mainly white, were not happyRead MorePolice Brutality, And Murder Against The Unarmed Black Community1685 Words   |  7 Pages All across the nation, in the news the black community has been making their voice heard, in regards to white police brutality, and murder against the unarmed black community. Many of these brutal attacks and flat out murders of unarmed black people haven’t been largely prosecuted, some officers have even been acquitted of any wrong doing or murder. This has led to outrage in the African American community at large. The shooting of an unarmed black teen named Michael Brown caused the racialRead MorePolice Brutality, And Murder Against The Unarmed Black Community1685 Words   |  7 Pages All across the nation, in the news the black community has been making their voice heard, in regards to white police brutality, and murder against the unarmed black community. Many of these brutal attacks and flat out murders of unarmed black people haven’t been largely prosecuted, some officers have even been acquitted of any wrong doing or murder. This has led to outrage in the African American community at large. The shooting of an unarmed black teen named Michael Brown caused the racialRead MorePolice Brutality Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Brutality against African American people has begun to take a toll on our communities. African American communities cannot even trust the police, because of the way they are being treated unfairly by a police officers of them distract or their state. Which is why the police are being coming more advanced in technology, but still fail to use their powers as an officer correctly. This cause the police officers are using misconduct against African American people when confronted by them. ThisRead MorePolice brutality1678 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality, Have Times Really Changed The history of Police Brutality for minorities; especially people of color has left America wondering have times changed. Police brutality has deemed the opportunity for socioeconomic advancement or access to good and services for many Black/African Americans dating back as far as 1955. The system of Police brutality has affected many realms of society for minorities’ employment and family life. After some scholarly research, police brutality isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Police Brutality By Jill Nelson1358 Words   |  6 Pagespreaches to the minority communities that, â€Å"Black power is giving power to people who have not had power to determine their own destiny† which is movement that formed for self defense against the U.S government. The Black Power Movement established itself in the 1950’s branching off of the nonviolent groups established during the Civil Rights Movement. Two major Black Power groups in history were Malcolm X and Black Panther Party t hat focused on justice for the black communities. These groups primarilyRead MorePolice Brutality Within The African American Community1265 Words   |  6 PagesAsad Bidiwala RHE 306 August 13, 2015 Police Brutality within the African-American Community The specific audience of my argumentation is the racially ignorant white populations that refuse to acknowledge the idea that police brutality towards the African-American race is evident amongst our society. The racially ignorant white population assumes that police brutality is used as a defense mechanism rather than an appeal to racism towards African-Americans. This hostile audience becomes uncomfortableRead MoreIn Our Society, There Has Been Several Issues But One Of1213 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American community. Police Brutality is a major problem that many African Americans fear dealing with racial divides but some believe minorities cause higher crime rates. In the dictionary of law, Police brutality, is the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Many Americans have gone through many situations where they were excessively force by the police. But few American’s were racial profiled, discriminated, or beat brutality for no appointedRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement1693 Words   |  7 Pages Black Lives Matter Movement Black Lives Matter is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community that campaigns against violence towards black people. â€Å"Black lives matter† became a rallying cry of a new chapter in the long black freedom struggle. Its unique campaign contributes beyond extrajudicial killings of Blacks by policemen and vigilantes. It all started year 2013, after a white/hispanic male, â€Å" George Zimmermanâ€Å" was found not guilty of the fatal murderRead MorePersuasive Essay On Police Brutality1467 Words   |  6 PagesHow can we trust the ones that’s killing us? Law enforcement and police officers play a major role in our community. They help those in need keep us safe. Nationwide they also kill an average of 3 people every day. I thought whenever you become an officer, you have sworn to protect us. Police brutality is a major issue in our society today. Police work is dangerous. In the past, police officers were considered peacekee pers. Police have been occupied in shootings, severe beatings, and unnecessarily

Social Media and Privacy Relationships and Online...

Online Surveillance The negative consequences of online surveillance are consistent media headliners cautioning users to be wise with their sensitive information. This research address both positive and negative outlooks of online surveillance. According to Lee Humphreys’ article â€Å"Who’s Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillance†, a yearlong experiment explored how people think about privacy and surveillance when using mobile social networks (Humphreys 2011, 575). In examining Google’s Dodgeball, a mobile service like foursquare that allowed users to provide their location-based information with others, they discovered that â€Å"most informants were not concerned about privacy when using the mobile social network†¦show more content†¦The power of surveillance is largely due to people not knowing if or when they are being watched; â€Å"everyday people can search for information about other citizens without their knowledge or permission † (Humphreys 2011, 577). This power of surveillance allows people to be grouped based on their perceived economic and political value (Humphreys 2011, 591). It has been suggested that in using mobile social media we sacrifice personal privacy because people no longer have control over their personal information but we are willing to sacrifice this information because of the personal benefits it brings us (Humphreys 2011, 577). Privacy research has concluded that those who were not overtly concerned about their privacy due to two reasons, 1. Because they felt they had control over their information and who was privy to it and where it was going and two, because the users felt they were â€Å"experienced and savvy Internet users† (Humphreys 2011, 580). Yet, this study reinforces the notion that we live our lives in a â€Å"surveillance society† (Humphreys 2011, 590). â€Å"The amount of information that Dodgeball and its partners have access to is far greater than the amount of information users have access to. Not only did the Dodgeball company have access to a greater breadth of information (i.e., information from allShow MoreRelatedMy Sister And Her Boyfriend1501 Words   |  7 PagesNOAH GO OUT AND THAT MEANS #THENOTEBOOK #IMFANGIRLING okbye† (Sievers). They were horrified. Although they have tried to avoid becoming one of those â€Å"annoying couples† – graciously withholding posts about the intimate details of their blossoming relationship - sometimes friends, colleagues, and acquaintances have posted sappy details for them. For example, one night, we were celebrating birthdays with my dad’s side of the family. I teased them (as I often do) by taking a picture of them both wearingRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1735 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, the word â€Å"privacy† has be come ubiquitous. When discussing whether government surveillance and data collection pose a threat to privacy, the most common retort against privacy advocates – by those in favor of databases, video surveillance, spyware, data mining and other modern surveillance measures – is this line: If I’m not doing anything wrong, what would I have to hide? The allowance of the government’s gathering and analysis of our personal information stems from an inadequateRead MoreGeneration X, Popularly Known As â€Å"Millennials† By Americans1484 Words   |  6 Pagesniche social problems. Web bloggers have declared Millennials the sole reason for having ruined such complex social issues such as marriage, and the idea of the American dream, to other, not so convoluted problems like the falling sales of bar soap and the increase sales of tree killing novels. However, these bloggers have yet to blame this generation for seemingly their largest offence yet, somethin g that could well, and truly, effect all of mankind throughout the digital age; internet privacy. HavingRead MoreEffects Of Online Social Networking On Society966 Words   |  4 Pagesour environment. Through the development of social networking, it has easily kept us updated on what is going on around the world and in other people’s lives. Instead of face-to-face communication, the younger generation perceives social media to be a place to share emotional connections and stay connected with their significant other. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of online social networking constructing romantic relationships. With the many different ways to interact withRead MoreAnalysis of Jeffery Rosens: The Naked Crowd Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesportrays our society as completely exposed, giving up all privacy to join, and fit in with the â€Å"naked crowd†. Rosen claims that we willing give up all power of privacy in order to fit in with society and b e accepted as someone that can be trusted through exposure. He claims that image is the key to establishing trust, not through a relationship or conversation. His thesis presents his views on the subject, â€Å"has led us to value exposure over privacy? Why, in short, are we so eager to become members ofRead MorePrivacy, Secrecy, And Reputation1097 Words   |  5 Pagessome people argue that privacy no longer exists. From the 2013 revelations of government surveillance of citizens’ communications to companies that monitor their employees’ internet usage, this argument seems to be increasingly true. Yet, Harvard Law professor Charles Fried states that privacy, â€Å"is necessarily related to ends and relations of the most fundamental sort: respect, love, friendship and trust† (Fried 477). However, Fried is not arguing that in a world where privacy, in its most simple termsRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Internet1229 Words   |  5 Pagesentertainment is provi ding an escape from reality. Privacy is becoming non-existent as people are casting a mold of their identities online through social media apps. Intelligence agencies are getting the inside scoop on your online activities from corporations that take advantage of the reliance on Internet consumerism. Entertainment has become an integral part of the Internet. Mediums of entertainment such as video games, forums, instant messaging and social media have affected the cognitive functions ofRead MorePrivacy Of The 21st Century No Longer Exists1600 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy in the 21st Century no longer exists. Bill Gates stated, â€Å"That historically privacy was almost implicit, because it was hard to find and gather information. But in the digital world, whether it s digital cameras or satellites or just what you click on, we need to have more explicit rules - not just for governments but for private companies†. Even though the advancement of Information Technology (IT) is not the problem, the problem is the information that is available is not protected fromRead MoreEssay Government Surveillance For The Greater Good1660 Words   |  7 Pages Government Surveillance For The Greater Good With new advances in technology each day it’s becoming easier to communicate with each other. Talking to friends and family around the world has now become easier. Yet with all these new forms of communication there have been unpleasant side effects, since this new advanced technology is not only for harmless interaction it is also used to plot against governments and countries. Governments have found themselvesRead More`` Invading Our Privacy `` : How Technology Can Make People Expose Their Privacy Online1217 Words   |  5 PagesPrivate privacy is personal information that people keep secret from the public; it also means to refrain people from knowing about them or their situations. Many companies and businesses wants to protect people from hackers and thieves from using their information, such as Social Security and credit card barcodes; consequently, hackers use people’s information to buy illegal products or to expose explicit information from their socia l media pages to the public. Other suggested that personal privacy

Impact of Glucocorticoids on the C2C12 cells’ Differentiation

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Glucocorticoids on the C2C12 cells Differentiation and Proliferation. Answer: Rationale All the vertebrates have three main types of muscles that can be differentiated on the basis of their morphology and their roles in the body. The skeletal muscles enable the vertebrates to move from one geographical area to the other. Smooth muscles are lined with internal organs like blood supplying vessels. The third one is the cardiac muscle that is located within the heart. Its main role is to help in pumping of the blood thought the body thus enabling metabolic processes. Skeletal muscles account 40% of the body weight. The skeletal muscle cells are the largest cells in the body. During the developmental stages the myoblast also know as precursor fuses to form a multinucleated skeletal muscle cells through a process known as myogenesis. Its possible to study Myogenesis outside the body of the host using cell lines myoblast like C2C12 cell lines. C2C12 cells are easily proliferate under more concentrated serum conditions and differentiate but fusion can only take place under low serum state. Therefore, making it a good tool in tests that involve myogenesis, muscle biology and metabolism. The cell line starts to show myogenesis when it riches 100% confluency. But when transferred to differentiation medium, the cells quickly increase myogenesis and differentiation results to the formation of myotubes (Ricotti et al 2012) Results The experiment started by setting up 2 well plates and allowed to proliferate for about 4 days and then allowed to differentiate for about 10 days. These were 2 well plates out of six. The remaining 4 well plates were set by the laboratory demonstrators. Two of the remaining well plates that contained C2C12 were seeded on the day 1 before of the Lab# 3. The other two wells in the culture containing C2C12 were seeded on day 4 and they represented Day 4-time point. The proliferation extent was accessed by comparing the C2C12 cells seed on day and day 4 (figure 2). In the case of more cells in day 4 than day 1 proved that the proliferation might have occurred. Differentiation was to be accessed by comparing the day 1 cell and day 4. In case there is different cells, that shows that the differentiation took place. During 2-4 labs, effect of dexamethasone on C2C12 cell proliferation was evaluated. A control experiment was set for day1,2 and 14 (Figure 3) and each treated with dexamethasone. In order to access the effect of the dexamethasone on cell line proliferation, 100uM dexamethasone was incubated one of the 2-day 4 cell well plates. The number of cells in the control day 4 well was compared with the experiment treated day 4 well. The number of cell that were present in each of the cell wells of all the cultured plates during differentiation may affect the extent to which differentiation is attained. If a big number of cells recorded in a well at the beginning of differentiation stage, that shows the interaction of cells to form myotubes. Cell viability Proliferated and differentiated cells of C2C12 were then fixed using 10% neutral buffered formalin. Then they were stained using eosin and hematoxylin. The morphologies of these cells were then accessed by counting cell on the hemocytometer. The following cell count were observed from the secondary square of hemocytometer. These were the cells that took up the trypan blue in their cytoplasm and nucleus. From the outer corner of the hemocytometer, 7 cells were observed at the top and 3cells on top left. The secondary square at the outer border of the hemocytometer grid, the following number of cells were observed. Square# 2 had 4 clear cells, 6 blue cells. Square #3 1 clear cell, 2 blue cells. Square #4 3clear cells and 4clear cells. Using immunocytochemistry to access C2C12 cell proteins The main objective of the lab was to study how to do immunocytochemistry on proliferation and differentiation of C2C12. Protein Proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also analyzed and the Myosin heavy chain (MHC) on the 3rd and 7th day. Glucocorticoid receptors localization in control and DMSO were assessed on the 3rd day. Immunocytochemistry was performed on fixed C2C12 cells from the 3rd and 7th day. Proliferation and differentiation was assessed on the two days consecutively in the experimental procedures described in 2nd and 3rd lab. One dish of the cells was fluorescently labeled for myosin heavy chain (MHC), Glucocorticoid or PCNA using secondary and primary antibodies. PCNA and (MHC) was assessed on third and seventh day using C2C12. Protein expression differed between differentiation and Proliferation of C2C12 Cells. Glucocorticoid was assessed on the 3rd day in control and C2C12 cell treated with dexamethasone. C2C12 cells treated with the dexamethasone were put insi de dexamethasone for a period of 24 hours before fixed on the day 3. The time period allowed for dexamethasone initiated glucocorticoid receptor and its transfer to the nucleus. Discussion To our own understanding, this is the first demonstration does not only induce proliferation and differentiation. Dexamethasone also causes hypertrophy in muscles depending on the differentiation stage at the point of application. The effect caused by dexamethasone is step-dependent. Dexamethasone observed at myoblast cause hypertrophy in muscles and enhances myotube differentiation as well. Similar case has been observed when the myotube were treated using dexamethasone one of the glucocorticoids. The main objective this Lab test was to investigate the effect that would be caused by glucocorticoid in differentiation and proliferation processes of C2C12 cells. More emphasis focused on the dexamethasone which demonstrated the genes that were involved in the proliferation and differentiation. A vital thing that was investigated in the experiment was C2C12 cells with dexamethasone, PCNA and myosin heavy chain. This treatment aimed at the growth stimulation of the cells as well as to accelerate differentiation process. (Figure 1,2,3) shows that treating C2C12 cell with dexamethasone resulted to a significant high number of C2C12 cells proliferation. This observation is in agreement with what was recorded by (D'Angelo et al 2012) who described C2C12 cell growth and differentiation stimulation with glucocorticoids producing almost similar results. Again (Fujimoto et al 2012) s howed the impact of glucocorticoid on the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells. Some of the results obtained at different points of the day, showed that differentiation can be accelerated significantly when exposed to dexamethasone. The same results have been illustrated by (Goljanek et al 2012) in the experiment done to show the pivotal for C2C12 cells myoblast differentiation. The hemocytometer was used in the counting of the cells according to (Riss et al 2016). The secondary square on the hemocytometer has got about 9 squares. Each of those square measure around one mm squared. The central part is the counting region on the hemocytometer. Only those cells lined on the two lines of the big square are suppost to be counted (Shenoy et al 2014). According to (Minetti et al 2014) the suspension must be diluted enough to prevent counting some of the cells a second time due to overlap. The purpose of using Trypan Blue was to differentiate between the blue cells (dead cells) from the clear cells (live cells). The staining method is also called the dye exclusion staining. The counting of cells done provided us with a % visibility cells of 40.74% and the cell density of 375000cell/ml (Figure5). The data was obtained using the light microscope where the magnification technique was to be applied in order to reach the desired cell type (Huri et al 2014). The cells in the chosen square were counted so that the total number of cells required was to be a significant statistical count (Alberts et al 2013). Discussion Questions. Myogenic index is termed as the number of nuclei that are contained in the cells that have more than nuclei divided by the total number of cell nuclei provided in the image taken. These images are then used to solve the myogenic index by finding the percentage number of nuclei in the myotubes using Jenner-Giemsa culture. The culture should be put in the differentiation media and incubated for five days. Giemsa G25 (Sigma Aldrich) is used to fix the cells and then three different photos are captured. The nuclei in the myotube and those in the cells are then counted in each photo. Myogenic index is then calculated by dividing the total number of nuclei in the cell by total number of nuclei in the myotubes. Myogenesis is the process being determined. Increase in the myogenic index shows accuracy in the experimental images whereby several nuclei are captured (Srikuea et al 2012) C6orf32 gene is gene found in chromosome 6 and its expression multiples during the differentiation of the human fetal myoblast. It is expressed both in non- myogenic and primary cells and is separated from the 18th week of human fetal development. Experiments on c2c12 murine myoblast cell revealed that cells without c60rf32 shows a myogenic differentiation defect while when it is expressed in excess, it accelerates the formation of filopodia. This gene plays a number of functioning like filopodia formation, cytoskeletal arrangement and promotion of myogenic cell differentiation. The gene c6orf32 is specialized to specific functions whereby the cells lacking this gene are unable to perform those functions and thus results to serial defects (Thrivikraman et al 2013) Immunochemistry experimental design can be used in visualization of specific proteins. In the cells. In the experimental process, two antibodies are used in the targeting of a particular protein. These two antibodies are the secondary antibody and primary antibody. Secondary antibodies with fluorophore binds on the target and binds to the primary antibodies. Therefore, when one is performing immunochemistry, its important to use correct fixative. A secondary antibody must bind to primary antibodies other than non-specific antigen. Serum contains an array of the antibodies. Hence it should be blocked because it might block the binding of secondary and primary antibodies (Shi et al 2013). References D'Angelo, M. A., Gomez-Cavazos, J. S., Mei, A., Lackner, D. H., Hetzer, M. W. (2012). 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